Course 3 – Prepare Data for Exploration Quiz Answers
Week 2: Bias, Credibility, Privacy, and Access
GOOGLE DATA ANALYTICS PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION
Complete Coursera Study Guide
Bias, Credibility, Privacy, and Access INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Coursera and the Google Data Analytics Professional Certificate. In this part of the course, you’ll learn how to identify bias in data and ensure its credibility. You will also explore open data resources and investigate the relationship between data ethics, privacy, and access.
The ability to evaluate data for biases is a critical skill in any field of analytics. By understanding different types of bias, such as selection bias or confirmation bias, you can better assess the reliability of your sources before making decisions. Furthermore, it’s essential to know how to recognize credible sources when collecting data for analysis.
Learning Objectives
- Explain what is involved in reviewing data to identify bias
- Discuss the difference between biased and unbiased data
- Identify different types of bias including confirmation, interpretation, and observer bias
- Discuss characteristics of credible sources of data including reference to untidy data
- Explain the concept of open data with reference to the ongoing debate in data analytics
- Define data ethics and data privacy
- Explain the relationship between data ethics and data privacy
- Demonstrate an understanding of the benefits of anonymizing data
- Demonstrate an awareness of the accessibility issues associated with open data
Test your knowledge on unbiased and objective data
1. Which of the following are examples of sampling bias? Select all that apply.
A clinical study includes three times more men than women.
- A clinical study includes three times more men than women. (Correct)
- A national election poll only interviews people with college degrees. (Correct)
- A survey of high-school-age students does not include homeschooled students. (Correct)
- An online marketing analytics firm stores data in a spreadsheet.
Correct: A survey of high-school-age students that does not include homeschooled students, a national election poll that only interviews people with college degrees, and a clinical study that includes three times more men than women are not representative of the population.
2. Fill in the blank: The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that validates pre-existing beliefs is _____ bias.
- observer
- confirmation (Correct)
- sampling
- interpretation
Correct: The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that validates pre-existing beliefs is confirmation bias.
3. Which of the following terms are also ways of describing observer bias? Select all that apply.
- Research bias (Correct)
- Experimenter bias (Correct)
- Perception bias
- Spectator bias
Correct: Observer bias is sometimes referred to as experimenter bias or research bias.
Test your knowledge on Data Credibility
1. Which of the following are usually good data sources? Select all that apply.
- Governmental agency data (Correct)
- Social media sites
- Vetted public datasets (Correct)
- Academic papers (Correct)
Correct: Vetted public datasets, academic papers, and governmental agency data are usually good data sources.
2. To determine if a data source is cited, you should ask which of the following questions? Select all that apply.
- Is the data relevant to the problem I’m trying to solve?
- Has this dataset been properly cleaned?
- Who created this dataset? (Correct)
- Is this dataset from a credible organization? (Correct)
Correct: “Is this dataset from a credible organization?” and “Who created this dataset?” are questions that can help you determine if a data source is cited.
3. A data analyst is analyzing sales data for the newest version of a product. They use third-party data about an older version of the product. For what reasons is this inappropriate for their analysis? Select all that apply.
- The data is not original (Correct)
- The data is biased
- The data is not current (Correct)
- The data is not accurate
Correct: Third-party data about an older version of the product is inappropriate because it is not original or current.
Test your knowledge on data ethics and Privacy
1. Fill in the blank: _____ states that all data-processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by the individual who provides their data.
- Transaction transparency (Correct)
- Currency
- Privacy
- Openness
Correct: Transaction transparency states that all data-processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by the individual who provides their data.
2. A data analyst removes personally identifying information from a dataset. What task are they performing?
- Data collection
- Data anonymization (Correct)
- Data sorting
- Data visualization
Correct: They are performing data anonymization, which is the process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information.
3. Before completing a survey, an individual acknowledges reading information about how and why the data they provide will be used. What is this concept called?
- Currency
- Privacy
- Discretion
- Consent (Correct)
Correct: This concept is called consent. Consent is the aspect of data ethics that presumes an individual’s right to know how and why their personal data will be used before agreeing to provide it.
Test your knowledge on open Data
1. What aspect of data ethics promotes the free access, usage, and sharing of data?
- Transaction transparency
- Consent
- Openness (Correct)
- Privacy
Correct: Openness is the aspect of data ethics that promotes the free access, usage, and sharing of data.
2. What are the main benefits of open data? Select all that apply.
- Open data combines data from different fields of knowledge. (Correct)
- Open data makes good data more widely available. (Correct)
- Open data increases the amount of data available for purchase.
- Open data restricts data access to certain groups of people.
Correct: The benefits of open data include making good data more widely available and combining data from different fields of knowledge.
3. Universal participation is a standard of open data. What are the key aspects of universal participation? Select all that apply.
- All corporations are allowed to sell open data.
- Certain groups of people must share their private data.
- No one can place restrictions on data to discriminate against a person or group.
- Everyone must be able to use, re-use, and redistribute open data.
Correct: The key aspects of universal participation are that everyone must be able to use, reuse, and redistribute open data. Also, no one can place restrictions on data to discriminate against a person or group.
GOOGLE DATA ANALYTICS COURSERA ANSWERS AND STUDY GUIDE
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Prepare Data for Exploration Weekly Challenge 2
1. Which of the following situations are examples of bias? Select all that apply.
- A researcher who surveys a sample group that is representative of the population
- A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument (Correct)
- A dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition (Correct)
- A daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions (Correct)
Correct: A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument, a daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions, and a dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition are examples of bias.
2. Which type of bias is the tendency to always construe ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way?
- Sampling
- Interpretation (Correct)
- Observer
- Confirmation
Correct: Interpretation bias is the tendency to always construe ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way.
3. Which of the following are qualities of unreliable data? Select all that apply.
- Inaccurate (Correct)
- Biased (Correct)
- Vetted
- Incomplete (Correct)
Correct: Unreliable data is inaccurate, incomplete, and biased.
4. If a company uses your personal data as part of a financial transaction, you should be made aware of the nature and scale of the transaction. What concept of data ethics does this refer to?
- Privacy
- Consent
- Ownership
- Currency (Correct)
Correct: This refers to currency, which says that individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from the use of their personal data and the scale of these transactions.
5. Ownership is a key issue in data ethics. Who owns data?
- The individual who originally generates the data (Correct)
- The law enforcement agencies that enforce data protection laws
- The organization that invests time and money collecting, processing, and analyzing the data
- The government that passes data-protection legislation
Correct: The individual who originally generates the data has primary control over its usage, how it’s processed, and how it’s shared.
6. The right to inspect, update, or correct your own data is part of which aspect of data ethics?
- Data consent
- Data openness
- Data privacy (Correct)
- Data ownership
Correct: The right to inspect, update, or correct your own data is part of data privacy.
7. Data anonymization applies to both text and images.
- True (Correct)
- False
Correct: Data anonymization applies to all personally identifiable information, including text and images.
8. A key aspect of open data is free access to people’s personal information.
- True
- False (Correct)
Correct: Open data does not involve granting free access to people’s personal information.
9. A university surveys its student-athletes about their experience in college sports. The survey only includes student-athletes with scholarships. What type of bias is this an example of?
- Sampling bias (Correct)
- Observer bias
- Confirmation bias
- Interpretation bias
Correct: This is an example of sampling bias, which is when a sample isn’t representative of the population as a whole.
10. Fill in the blank: Data _____ refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used.
- privacy
- anonymization
- ethics (Correct)
- credibility
Correct: Data ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used.
11. An individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data. This is called ownership.
- True
- False (Correct)
Correct: An individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data. This is called transaction transparency.
12. An employer accesses an employee’s credit report without their consent. This is not a violation of the employee’s privacy because they work at the company.
- True
- False (Correct)
Correct: An employer cannot access an employee’s credit report without their consent. This is a violation of the employee’s data privacy.
13. Which of the following are commonly used methods for anonymizing data? Select all that apply.
- Hashing (Correct)
- Blanking (Correct)
- Deleting
- Masking (Correct)
Correct: Blanking, hashing, and masking are common methods of anonymizing data.
14. The government of a large city collects data on the quality of the city’s infrastructure. Any business, nonprofit organization, or person can access the government’s databases and re-use or redistribute the data. Is this an example of open data?
- Yes (Correct)
- No
Correct: This is an example of open data. Everyone must be able to use, re-use, and redistribute open data.
15. Fill in the blank: A preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing is called _____. It is an error in data analytics that can systematically skew results in a certain direction.
- data bias (Correct)
- data collection
- data anonymization
- data interoperability
Correct: Data bias is a type of error that systematically skews results in a certain direction.
16. Which of the following are types of data bias often encountered in data analytics? Select all that apply.
- Interpretation bias (Correct)
- Observer bias (Correct)
- Educational bias
- Confirmation bias (Correct)
Correct: Observer bias, interpretation bias, and confirmation bias are types of bias often encountered in data analytics.
17. Which of the following “C’s” describe qualities of good data? Select all that apply.
- Comprehensive (Correct)
- Cited (Correct)
- Current (Correct)
- Consequential
Correct: Good data is comprehensive, current, and cited.
18. In data ethics, consent gives an individual the right to know the answers to which of the following questions? Select all that apply.
- How will my data be used? (Correct)
- Why is my data being collected? (Correct)
- How long will my data be stored? (Correct)
- Why am I being forced to share my data?
Correct: In data ethics, consent gives individuals the right to know why their data is being collected, how it will be used, and how long it will be stored.
19. A clinic surveys a group of male and female patients about their experience with physical therapy. The survey does not include people with disabilities. Is the survey data biased?
- Yes (Correct)
- No
Correct: The survey data is biased because the sample group lacks inclusivity.
20. What is data privacy?
- Providing free access, usage, and sharing of data
- Applying well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used
- Searching for or interpreting supporting information
- Preserving a data subject’s information and activity for all data transactions (Correct)
21. An individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data. This concept refers to which aspect of data ethics?
- Currency
- Transaction transparency (CORRECT)
- Consent
- Ownership
Correct: This refers to transaction transparency, which is the idea that an individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data.
22. Interoperability is key to open data’s success. Which of the following is an example of interoperability?
- An analyst removes all personally identifiable information from a database
- A company restricts the use of a database to its own employees
- Different databases use common formats and terminology (CORRECT)
- A website charges a fee to access a database
Correct: Different databases using common formats and terminology is an example of interoperability.
23. In general, the usefulness of data decreases as time passes.
- True (CORRECT)
- False
Correct: In general, the usefulness of data decreases as time passes. The best data sources are current and relevant.
24. Which of the following are types of data bias often encountered in data analytics? Select all that apply.
- Educational bias
- Confirmation bias (CORRECT)
- Observer bias (CORRECT)
- Interpretation bias (CORRECT)
Correct: Observer bias, interpretation bias, and confirmation bias are types of bias often encountered in data analytics.
Correct: Observer bias, interpretation bias, and confirmation bias are types of bias often encountered in data analytics.
Correct: Observer bias, interpretation bias, and confirmation bias are types of bias often encountered in data analytics.
25. A university surveys its student-athletes about their experience in college sports. The survey only includes student-athletes with scholarships. What type of bias is this an example of?
- Sampling bias (CORRECT)
- Observer bias
- Confirmation bias
- Interpretation bias
Correct: This is an example of sampling bias, which is when a sample isn’t representative of the population as a whole.
26. What is the process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information?
- Data design
- Data anonymization (CORRECT)
- Data ethics
- Data governance
Correct: Data anonymization removes personally identifiable information, such as home addresses, telephone numbers, credit card numbers, and medical records.
27. Which of the following situations are examples of bias? Select all that apply.
- A researcher who surveys a sample group that is representative of the population
- A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument (CORRECT)
- A daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions (CORRECT)
- A dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition (CORRECT)
Correct: A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument, a daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions, and a dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition are examples of bias.
Correct: A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument, a daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions, and a dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition are examples of bias.
Correct: A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument, a daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions, and a dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition are examples of bias.
28. The government of a large city collects data on the quality of the city’s infrastructure. Any business, nonprofit organization, or person can access the government’s databases and re-use or redistribute the data. Is this an example of open data?
- Yes (CORRECT)
- No
Correct: This is an example of open data. Everyone must be able to use, re-use, and redistribute open data.
Bias, Credibility, Privacy, and Access CONCLUSION
Checking for bias and ensuring credibility are essential skills for data analysts. In this part of the course, you learned how to identify different types of bias in data and how to ensure credibility in your data.
You also explored open data and the relationship between and importance of data ethics and data privacy. These are all important skills that will help you become a successful data analyst. If you want to learn more about these topics, I encourage you to join the learning experience on Coursera.
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